California Needs Prison Health Care Reform Essay - 2216 Words

California, the Golden State, a place where people from around the world come to for the consistent sunshine, and fun-filled atmosphere. California is home to the largest prison population in the United States. There are now thirty-three institutions, which house approximately 170,000 inmates. According to the Legislative Analysts Office (LAO), it costs taxpayers about $51,000 per a year to house, feed, clothe, and provide healthcare for each inmate. The health care costs about $16,000, which includes, dental, medical, speciality care, mental health, and medication for each inmate (LAO, 18 Mar 2010). This state is in the worst financial crisis it has ever experienced. With vital programs being cut, teachers being†¦show more content†¦In Plata, et al. v. Arnold Schwarzenegger, this class action lawsuit addressed the violation of inmates rights to adequate health care. Believe it or not, prison inmates are the only Americans with the constitutional right to health care (Kaplan). The inmates housed in Californias prison system were subjected to substandard health care, which lead to further illnesses and/or death (Plata, et al. v. Schwarzengegger). As a result, the state lost this court case and the inmates began to receive above the minimum standard of health care. Because it is so broad, the 8th Amendment is left open for interpretation . Many would perceive, free from cruel and unusual punishment, as free from torture, or free from being fed bread and water. Due to the inmates not receiving adequate health care, and dying as a result, judges decided the inmates were subjected to cruel and unusual punishment. Inmates are required to have health screenings, diagnostic tests, surgeries as needed, and a full array of medical services, at no cost. This guaranteed health care is not provided to law-abiding citizens. Why is this? Is it because quality inmate health care is vital to public health? Who decided what type of care and how much will be spent on inmate health care? Definitely not the taxpayers. In addition to federal law, the California Code ofShow MoreRelatedThe California s Prison System990 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia’s prison system is facing a number of infrastructure changes as a result of a judicial decision that came down from the United States Supreme Court, Governor of California et al v. Plata et al. California’s prison system was deemed inadequate and dangerous due to severe overcrowding which led to â€Å"needless suffering and death† (Rogan, 2012, 262). The court ruled that the State must reduce the number of inmates in California’s thirty-three state prisons. This ruling came about after twoRead MoreThe Treatment Of The Mentally Ill1581 Words   |  7 Pagesin a prison cell to be forgotten. 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Progressivism Historiography Essay - 2107 Words

Awesome Student Mrs. Aars CIS American History 15 March, 2013 My Take on the Progressives The common thought about progressivism before the 1950s were that it was a movement by the common people to curb the excessive power of powerful people such as urban bosses, corporate moguls, and corrupt officials. However, when George Mowry wrote his Progressivism: Middle Class Disillusionment, he challenged the common idea that the progressives were middle class citizens and instead considered them to be a privileged elite group of businessmen and professionals. Mowry believed that this group was trying to recover their fading influence from the capitalist institutions that has been replacing them. When Gabriel Kolko published his Triumph of†¦show more content†¦This was a big obstacle for the Progressives as they were losing power while the capitalists were making good money. A Midwestern editor stated â€Å"trade unions in the end would either break down or be part of an â€Å"oppressive partnership† with the stronger industrial trusts ; in the end it would be the middle-class who would take on the burden of industrial evolution† (qtd. in Mowry262). The labor unions and trusts showed the two dangerous classes in society, the very rich and the very poor. From greed to poverty and criminal activity the Progressives wanted to remove class consciousness and wanted altruism to prevail. Since the Progressives were not organized economically the used politics to achieve their goals of preserving themselves and reshaping society in their image. They wanted to have a classless future where individual dynamism and individual leadership were emphasized. Mowry saw the Progressives as a privileged and elite middle class that wanted to recover their influence back from the capitalists and to shape society to be like them. 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The South African Breweries Free Essays

The South African Breweries has gone into partnership with Stop Hunger Now South Africa to make a campaign that contributes towards the poverty and hunger in Africa, specifically amongst students. This campaign’s aim is to sell 8 packs of beer, and for each one sold, it will contribute towards a wholesome meal for a hungry student somewhere across Africa. With Africa having one of the highest poverty rates in the world, there are numerous amounts of people that go unfed daily. We will write a custom essay sample on The South African Breweries or any similar topic only for you Order Now The SA Breweries and Stop Hunger Now campaign is aimed at all beer drinkers, but specifically students who are new to the drinking scene and are more likely to have an emotional impact on the advertisement as they see the poverty amongst the students around them daily. It is said that many students across Africa fail their studies as a result of hunger, and therefore this campaign’s main focus is to help feed hungry students living in poverty all around Africa by selling more beer. The sole purpose of this campaign is to encourage beer drinkers to buy beer from SA Breweries, and specifically this â€Å"Beer for Africa† 8 pack, as it will help fund a good cause, as a part of the consumers money will go towards ensuring a student in poverty is fed a wholesome and nutritious meal. Clever tactics have been used in this campaign’s advertisement to draw the audience’s attention. A normal beer pack usually consists of 6 beers, and with this promotion the consumer will not only be supporting a good cause, but will also be getting two more beers. Consumers will therefore much rather buy the 8 pack from SA Breweries’ â€Å"Beer for Africa† promotion because they are getting more for their money and get to feel as if they have made a difference at the same time. This article seems to be presenting the truth as the campaign has provided sufficient information in the advertisement to buy one’s interest, and it is also widely available throughout all social media platforms. There is also a very small chance that a big company such as SA Breweries would present an advertisement as such with false information, as it will not only bring upon great inconvenience, but it will also look extremely bad on their reputation as a well establishes South African business. The target audience of this campaigns advertisement is people who drink beer, specifically young students who can relate to the cause behind the campaign through their peers. The advert that has been displayed across many large social media platforms is very successful and does not fail to get the message across to the audience. It is a well lay out advertisement with a very clear verbal context that makes it easy for anyone to receive the message intended and identify the cause. Although this campaign has none but good intentions, the way that the money is being raised has created many problems around the matter. The campaign does not violate any human rights, however the fact that they are using poverty to promote beer sales allows the audience to associate a negative feedback with the SA Breweries as it is as unethical. They are using a serious cause to market their beer in a population where binge drinking is an endemic problem, and many see this as a serious offense. If one is to really consider every aspect and detail of this advertisement, there could be serious offense taken. The fact that the campaign is specifically aimed at students could raise a social debacle as majority of the people who go unfed daily are not students. Another issue that could be raised by this advertisement is the fact that the hands being held out with food in them in the one image are black hands, and under them it says â€Å"2018 target= provide 1 million meals for students†. This could raise a serious issue as it is stereotyping that black students are the ones who are in poverty and in need of the meals. The SA Breweries and Stop Hunger Now Campaigns’ advertisement is accessible through all social media platforms, including their Facebook page. It may also be found in bottle stores that stock their products and is open for all public to see How to cite The South African Breweries, Papers

Role of Early Childhood Settings in Australia-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Does play-based learning, as it has been conceptualized and reported on in the course resources, refute the notion that 'schools stifle creativity'? Explain. 2.What does the contemporary literature report about the value of play-based learning? Compare and contrast current opinion with historical perspectives regarding the value of play in Early Childhood. 3.The Early Years Learning Framework (ELYF) is the mandatory guiding document all educators and educators must use in Early Childhood settings in Australia. Explicitly explain how Early Childhood educators and educators can use the EYLF to guide curriculum development in the area of play- based learning. 4.Many parents and other stakeholders see play as being something that children 'just do', however they do not often view play as an essential 'learning opportunity'. Taking on the role of an Early Childhood educator, prepare a PowerPoint presentation that you would use at a meeting with parents and other staff and stakeholders to provide a seminar on the importance of incorporating play-based learning into your early childhood curriculum. 5.Based on the guidelines of the EYLF regardin g appropriate learning outcomes, recommend 23 techniques and explain how you would employ them to assess children's play to ascertain the extent to which diverse children have achieved these outcomes. Answers: 1.The first question centers on the fact that school stifles the creativity of the children. One sight of the verb stifles the traditional functionality of school. With schools, people have the conception of inculcating good values and the demarcation of right and wrong. Effective utilization of these skills enhances the creativity of the children as well as justifies the efforts of the teachers in terms of leading the students towards proper academic establishment. These connotations contradict the proposed statement of the question (Aifs.gov.au 2017). At first, the definition of play within the school premises has to be assessed, which enhances the clarity of the readers regarding the contribution towards proper development of the children from their budding stage. Defining the term play It has to be noted that the term play does not have any concrete definition that can be attributed to it. Rather, there are some definite characteristics of the term. These certain characteristics can certainly be attributed to this term (Bodrova Leong, 2007). These are:- Play that is done for pleasure and enjoyment is absolutely a pleasurable activity. Some features play has are of fear, frustration and challenges. However, enjoyment is the main objective (Trawick-Smith, 2013). The matter of active-play needs action. It may be physical, verbal or mentally engaged with certain ideas, people or the outside environment (Mrtensson, 2014). Voluntary-play has to be chosen freely but the players are chosen and prompted to participate to play as well. Other kinds of plays that are involved in this process are process-oriented play, symbolic play and self-motivating play (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). One of the causes for encouraging play among children is the development of the brain. Many experts and scientists, over the years, have believed that playing shapes the structural design of the brain and makes its functional abilities smoother (Prado Dewey, 2014). The most important aspects for the development of brain are secure attachments and stimulation. The habit of play among the children creates such an atmosphere where the children are motivated with flexibility of the brain and increased potential of the brains activities (Singh, 2013). The playing process among children helps them to explore new things, identify the challenges in them, negotiation and risk taking abilities to create a new meaning to it. There are many play schools, which look after the nourishment of the children from a very young age. Here, education is only about teaching them the names of animals, plants, flowers and numbers. In view of this context, creativity can be related with the ways and means adopted by the teachers to make the students learn these things in a play way method (Australian Childrens Education Care Quality Authority, 2013). Emerging successful in this direction, nullifies the verb stifles in the proposed statement and links the variables school and creativity. On the other hand, if the teachers fail to cater to the developmental needs of the children affirms the proposed statement. Eagerness and willingness revealed by the teachers for the development of the children is one of the other grounds, which negates the verb stifles in the statement (Australian Childrens Education Care Quality Authority, 2012). There are several benefits of playing for the children. These benefits can be documented from the intellectual and cognitive aspects. It has been a noted fact that the children who are engaged in quality playing process, are surely to develop better memory skills and language development. When it comes to the responsibility of schools, the fact becomes somewhat different. These children can very easily regulate their behavior that leads to better school adjustment. This is also a reason for a better academic learning (Geary, 2012). The fact that education or largely formal education has a large effect on the matter of creativity has been supported by most of the experts and critics. The pressure that the schools create on the brains of the little children, aged till 8, is killing their creativity in a large extent. The major drive behind this is the heavy bags, which they are compelled to carry to the schools. In view of this pressure, the future development of the children attains a dark and ombre shade. Moreover, it is a shame for the school authorities in terms of giving a proper academic establishment to the children. This shame is stifling in terms of the reputation of the school (Nolan Sim, 2011). The high expectations from the parents about those children also work as a factor behind this. The parents are very rarely seen to encourage the true talents of their children. In fact, some parents are so absorbed in making their children successful in the formal ways that the real talents of the students like playing, drawing, singing and other co-curricular activities fades under the wishes of the parents. The school syllabi are so large that most of the times pass by reading these books (Menzies Lane, 2011). They hardly get any time to practice their favorite things. The parents are also not supportive of the fact that they pursue their lives with their hobbies or likings other than school education. These facts reveal that school education system is almost killing the creativity among children. Herein lays the appropriateness of the proposed statement. 2.Play-based learning in the schools has a mixed reaction all around the world. These views and opinions have been very useful to address the present situation. The different play-based school mediums like Montessori and Kindergarten have been very popular in the recent times (Biordi Gardner, 2014). The historic documents suggest that in early times, Montessori had believed in the fact that the children should be allowed to be engaged in playful activities that would enhance their skills. They should also be allowed to play with various materials within the school premises with various materials. Within this, the initiatives taken by Australian Childrens Education and Care Quality Authority are worth mentionable. The major drive behind this is the Guide to National quality Standard. The National Quality Framework developed in 2009 broadens the scope and arena of the research. This is due to the maintenance of equality, diversity and the basic rights possessed by the children in term s of receiving quality academic establishment (Australian Childrens Education Care Quality Authority, 2013). The current literature shows that the need for play-based schools, which is essential in terms of reaping the seeds of development from a very early age. Learning the basic things in a play way method generates a feeling of collaboration between the children. Development of collaboration from early developmental stages is beneficial for the students in terms of establishing stable relationship with the others. Inculcating the values of collaboration within the children generates within them an urge to expose collaboration with the teachers. This thought comes along with the advent of maturity and attains less importance in comparison to the children of the play schools. However, sharing food, playing together are the common features, which comes with play based learning (Einarsdottir, 2005). The purpose of this play-based learning method is to ensure the fact that the students are actually learning something through this playing method and interacting with the other children. The pla y-based model or instruction or learning can be equal to the fact of student-centered instruction. In this process, the children have to learn with their teachers at the same time through cooperation. The more importance for the learning process should be put on guiding them rather than trying to teach them something directly. In the current time, the students are in need of teachers who can be their friends, philosophers and guides at the same time. This will help to establish the fact that students learn through playing and by the guidance by their peers or teachers rather than the older method of instructions by the teachers. As play is a vital aspect for the natural, social, emotional and cognitive development of the children, it should be looked upon as a strong medium for the learning process. 3.In Australia, the most important aspect for the development of children in the Early Childhood Settings is the Early years Learning Framework (EYLF). This is considered as the guiding framework for the educators to follow (Masters, 2013). This framework caters to the care and nourishment of the children in their school years. The principles, programs and the practices undertaken in this framework support the students in their learning. Taking into consideration Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) would help the educators to construct effective plans for providing the students with quality play based learning. However, understanding the needs and requirements of the children in their early learning years is crucial for both the educators and the children (Verstege, 2011). The pedagogy of the educator has to be perfect when he is engaged in the assessment procedure of the childs learning). Therefore, it is of utmost importance to consider and question the pedagogical and corresponding responses of the children while making them learn certain things. 3.The EYLF framework has to be practiced and implemented in the real world of education for the children. This is because, they have to discuss and understand the principles to be practiced. According to this framework, the vital aspects are the belonging and becoming of the children in the education system and learning the right things in the right ways. The core subject of this framework is to assess the learning of the children. This framework suggests that the education and learning of the children is dynamic, holistic and complex at the same time. The various aspects of learning like the physical, social, emotional, cognitive, personal, linguistic and spiritual are the kind of developments that the children need to undergo (Black Wiliam, 2010). According to this framework, the model of curriculum decision-making is an ongoing cycle and this includes the application of the knowledge of the educators in their respective domains. This framework says that the children are able to r eceive a number of wide ranged experiences. Overall, it can be said that the framework perceives childhood as a crucial phase in terms of progressing towards a proper development. Adequate communication between the children and the teachers is an essential aspect in the framework. Communication helps the teachers to assess the grasping power and ability of the children, which helps in determining the further modifications needed for enhancing the standard and quality of the play based learning (Perie, Marion Gong, 2009). Constant and frequent evaluation is needed for the schools and educational institutions in terms of upgrading their performance regarding the academic establishment of the children. This upgradation would simultaneously result in the upgradation of the learning power of the children. On the other hand, this upgradation would help the play schools to reach the benchmark level of performance for gifting the children with quality academic development (Barnes, 2012). 4.(Refer to the document named Transcript for Question 2 part 3) 5.Some of the outcomes that are associated with the EYLF framework are:- Children have a strong sense of identity within themselves. Children are constantly connected with the world and they contribute to its causes. The children can feel strongly about their well being. Children are more confident than ever and are involved in the learning process. Children can communicate effectively At the initial stage, the play school authorities need to make concrete plans for progressing with the developed framework. Experimenting with the existing services would make the authorities aware of effectiveness of the proposed plans. Within this, the managerial authorities can talk with the teachers regarding the performance of the students. The response of the teachers is essential in terms of introducing new plans for the children in terms of receiving quality play based learning (Carr et al., 2001). In view of the performance of the children, new teachers can be hired. However, this needs financial speculation in terms of organizing the recruitment and selection process. Apart from this, frequent conferences and seminars can be organized in terms for enhancing the preconceived knowledge of the stakeholders and shareholders regarding striving for academic establishment of the children. Allowing the children to play within groups or assigning them group projects can be one of the other ways of assessing the grasping and adjustability skills of the children with the others. However, this needs to be done in the presence of the teachers for ensuring the safety and security of the children (Dunphy, 2008). Social media can be adopted for establishing relationships with the parents. With this, they can be informed about the progress of their children. Rather than informing the parents about the quarrels among the children, ways can be thought of regarding solving it internally. This would enhance the creativity of the play schools in terms of leading the children towards proper academic development from young age itself (Risko Walker-Dalhouse, 2010). Conclusion The paper can be concluded by saying that EYLF framework has been one of the most important frameworks in the early childhood settings in Australia. In this country, early childhood education has been considered to be one of the major aspects in the country. The things that has to be in line with the early childhood education are the role of the educators and the schools, the parents and the other stakeholders who are associated with the education sector. The various important factors like the EYLF framework, the learning outcomes associated to this, the ways by which the brain can be developed for the children have been discussed here. It has been overwhelming fact that the learning outcomes for the EYLF framework have to be achieved by employing certain strategies. These strategies will help to reach the desired goals for the children who are aged between 0 and 8 years. References Australian Childrens Education Care Quality Authority (2012). The national quality framework. Retrieved from https://acecqa.gov.au/national-quality-framework Australian Childrens Education Care Quality Authority (2013). Guide to the national quality standard. Retrieved from https://files.acecqa.gov.au/files/National-Quality-Framework-Resources-Kit/NQF-Resource-03-Guide-to-NQS.pdf Australian Psychological Society (n.d.). Understanding specific learning disabilities. Retrieved, from https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/learning/? Barnes, S. (2012). Provocations on assessment in early childhood education. Children's Services Central. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/3931082/Provocations_on_assessment_in_early_childhood_education Biordi, L., Gardner, N. (2014). Play and write: An early literacy approach. Practically Primary, 19(1), 69. Bjorklund, D. F. (Ed.). (2013).Children's strategies: Contemporary views of cognitive development. Psychology Press. Black, P., Wiliam, D. (2010). Inside the black box: Raising Standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(1), 81-90. Bodrova, E., Leong, D. (2007). Tools of the mind. Retrieved from https://www.bostonchildrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/5-Tools-of-the-Mind-Curriculum.pdf Bodrova, E., Leong, D. J. (2005). Uniquely Preschool. Educational Leadership, 63(1), 44-47. Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Carr, M. (2001). Assessment in early childhood settings: Learning stories. London, UK: Paul Chapman Publishing. Carr, M., Cowie, B., Gerrity, R., Jones, C., Lee, W., Pohio, L. (2001). Democratic learning and teaching communities in early childhood: Can assessment play a role. Early childhood education for a democratic society, 2736. Retrieved from https://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/ece-democratic-society.pdf#page=31 Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Australia (n.d.). Developmental Milestones and the Early Years Learning Framework and the National Quality Standards. Retrieved from https://files.acecqa.gov.au/files/QualityInformationSheets/QualityArea1/DevelopmentalMilestonesEYLFandNQS.pdf Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Australia. (2009). Belonging, being and becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. (pp.7-11). Retrieved from https://education.gov.au/early-years-learning-frameworkEarly Childhood Australia. 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Conceptions of science, mathematics, and education of prospective kindergarten teachers in a play-based training.International Journal on Advances in Education Research,2(1), 37-48. Frambach, J. M., Driessen, E. W., Chan, L. C., van der Vleuten, C. P. (2012). Rethinking the globalisation of problem?based learning: how culture challenges self?directed learning.Medical education,46(8), 738-747. Geary, D. C. (2012). Folk knowledge and academic learning. InEncyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning(pp. 1305-1310). Springer US. Gordon, A. M., Browne, K. W. (2013).Beginnings beyond: Foundations in early childhood education. Cengage learning. Harrison, L., Goldfeld, S., Metcalfe, E., Moore, T. (2012).Early learning programs that promote children's developmental and educational outcomes(No. 15). AIHW. https://aifs.gov.au/publications/efficacy-early-childhood-interventions Huebner, T. A. (2010). Differentiated Instruction. Educational Leadership, 67(5), 79-81. Isbell, R., Raines, S. C. (2012).Creativity and the arts with young children. Cengage Learning. Jones, L., Harcourt, D. (2013). Social competencies and the'early years learning framework': Understanding critical influences on educator capacity.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,38(1), 4. Learning A-Z. (n.d.). Assessment tips: Running records. Retrieved from https://www.readinga-z.com/newfiles/levels/runrecord/runrec.html Leggett, N., Ford, M. (2013). A fine balance: Understanding the roles educators and children play as intentional teachers and intentional learners within the'Early Years Learning Framework'.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,38(4), 42. Lowrie, T. (2014). An educational practices framework: The potential for empowerment of the teaching profession.Journal of Education for Teaching,40(1), 34-46. Lynch, T. J. (2015). Australian Curriculum Reform: Treading Water Carefully?.International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education,9(2), 10. Mrtensson, F., Jansson, M., Johansson, M., Raustorp, A., Kylin, M., Boldemann, C. (2014). The role of greenery for physical activity play at school grounds.Urban forestry urban greening,13(1), 103-113. Masters, G. N. (2013). Australian Council for Educational Research. Reforming educational assessment: Imperatives, principles and challenges. Retrieved from https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021context=aer McFarland, L., Saunders, R., Allen, S. (2009). Reflective Practice and Self-Evaluation in Learning Positive Guidance: Experiences of Early Childhood Practicum Students. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(6), 505-511. Menzies, H. M., Lane, K. L. (2011). Using self-regulation strategies and functional assessment-based interventions to provide academic and behavioral support to students at risk within three-tiered models of prevention. Preventing School Failure, 55(4), 181191. Nolan, A., Sim, J. (2011). Exploring and evaluating levels of reflection in pre-service early childhood teachers. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 36(3), 122130. Perie, M., Marion, S., Gong, B. (2009). Moving toward a Comprehensive Assessment System: A Framework for Considering Interim Assessments. Educational Measurement: Issues And Practice, 28(3), 5-13. Prado, E. L., Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life.Nutrition reviews,72(4), 267-284. Risko, V. J., Walker-Dalhouse, D. (2010). Making the Most of Assessments to Inform Instruction. Reading Teacher, 63(5), 420-422. Rodd, J. (2012).Leadership in early childhood. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Roskos, K. A. (Ed.). (2017).Play and literacy in early childhood: Research from multiple perspectives. Routledge. Section 1,General Background (pp. 112) Section 2,The Nature of Early Learning (pp. 1321) Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. InFlow and the foundations of positive psychology(pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Singh, I. (2013). Brain talk: power and negotiation in childrens discourse about self, brain and behaviour.Sociology of Health Illness,35(6), 813-827. Trawick-Smith, J. (2013).Early childhood development: A multicultural perspective. Pearson Higher Ed. Verstege, D. (2011). Assessmentkeeping it in context! Educating Young Children: Learning and Teaching in the Early Childhood Years, 17(3), 2829.. Wise, S., da Silva, L., Webster, E., Sanson, A. (2005). Australian Institute of Family Services. The efficacy of early childhood interventions (Research Report No. 14). Retrieved from Wise, S., da Silva, L., Webster, E., Sanson, A. (2005). Australian Institute of Family Services. The efficacy of early childhood interventions (Research Report No. 14). Retrieved from: https://aifs.gov.au/publications/efficacy-early-childhood-interventions

The United States Of America free essay sample

The USA is one of the largest states in the universe. It is situated in the cardinal portion of the North American continent. The country of the USA is over nine million square kilometers. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean. The most northern portion of the USA is Alaska, the largest province, separated from the remainder of the state by Canada. The population of the United States is about 250 million people, most of the people live in towns. Peoples of different nationalities live in the USA, The official linguistic communication of the state is English. The capital of the state is Washington. It was named in honor of the first President, George Washington. As the USA is a big state, the clime is different in different parts. For illustration, the Pacific seashore is a part of mild winters and warm, dry summers, but the eastern Continental part is watered with rainfall. We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Of America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The part around the Great Lakes has mutable conditions. There are many mountains in the USA. For illustration, the highest extremums of the Cordillera in the USA are 6,193 and 4,418 meters. The chief river of the state is the -Mississippi. But there are many other great rivers in the USA: the Colorado in the South and the Columbia in the north West. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada. The USA produces more than 52 per cent of the universe s maize, wheat, cotton baccy. There are many large metropoliss in the state. They are Washington ( the capital of the state ) , New York ( the metropolis of contrasts, fiscal and concern Centre of the USA ) , Boston ( there are many colleges and universities in it ) , Chicago ( one of the biggest industrial metropoliss in the USA ) , San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit ( one of the biggest Centres of the car industry ) . The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are many scientific establishments, museums, libraries, theaters and other interesting topographic points in the state. The USA is a extremely developed industrial state. The USA is rich in mineral resources, such as aluminum, salt, Zn, Cus, and others. The state is rich in coal, natural gas, gold and Ag, excessively. It holds one of the first topographic points in the universe for the production of coal, Fe, oil, natural gas. Such industries as machine-building, ship-building are extremely developed in the state. American agribusiness produces a batch of nutrient merchandises: grain, fruit, veggies. The USA is a federal democracy, dwelling of 50 provinces. Each of these provinces has its ain authorities. Congress is the American Parliament which consists of two Chambers. The president is the caput of the province and the authorities. He is elected for four old ages.

The History of How Dogs Were Domesticated

The History of How Dogs Were Domesticated The history of dog domestication is that of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans. That partnership was likely originally based on a human need for help with herding and hunting, for an early alarm system, and for a source of food in addition to the companionship many of us today know and love. In return, dogs received companionship, protection, shelter, and a reliable food source. But when this partnership first occurred is still under some debate. Dog history has been studied recently using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which suggests that wolves and dogs split into different species around 100,000 years ago. Although mtDNA analysis has shed some light on the domestication event(s) which may have occurred between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago, researchers are not agreed on the results. Some analyses suggest that the original domestication location of dog domestication was in East Asia; others that the middle east was the original location of domestication; and still others that later domestication took place in Europe. What the genetic data has shown to date is that the history of dogs is as intricate as that of the people they lived alongside, lending support to the long depth of the partnership, but complicating origin theories. Two Domestications In 2016, a research team led by bioarchaeologist Greger Larson (Frantz et al. cited below) published mtDNA evidence for two places of origin for domestic dogs: one in Eastern Eurasia and one in Western Eurasia. According to that analysis, ancient Asian dogs originated from a domestication event from Asian wolves at least 12,500 years ago; while European Paleolithic dogs originated from an independent domestication event from European wolves at least 15,000 years ago. Then, says the report, at sometime before the Neolithic period (at least 6,400 years ago), Asian dogs were transported by humans to Europe where they displaced European Paleolithic dogs. That would explain why earlier DNA studies reported that all modern dogs were descended from one domestication event, and also the existence of evidence of two domestication event from two different far-flung locations. There were two populations of dogs in the Paleolithic, goes the hypothesis, but one of them- the European Paleolithic dog- is now extinct. A lot of questions remain: there are no ancient American dogs included in most of the data, and Frantz et al. suggest that the two progenitor species were descended from the same initial wolf population and both are now extinct. However, other scholars (Botiguà © and colleagues, cited below) have investigated and found evidence to support migration event(s) across the central Asia steppe region, but not for a complete replacement. They were unable to rule out Europe as the original domestication location. The Data: Early Domesticated Dogs The earliest confirmed domestic dog anywhere so far is from a burial site in Germany called Bonn-Oberkassel, which has joint human and dog interments dated to 14,000 years ago. The earliest confirmed domesticated dog in China was found in the early Neolithic (7000–5800 BCE) Jiahu site in Henan Province. Evidence for co-existence of dogs and humans, but not necessarily domestication, comes from Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. These hold evidence for dog interaction with humans and include  Goyet Cave  in Belgium,  Chauvet  cave in France, and  Predmosti in the Czech Republic. European Mesolithic sites like Skateholm (5250–3700 BC) in Sweden have dog burials, proving the value of the furry beasts to hunter-gatherer settlements. Danger Cave in Utah is currently the earliest case of dog burial in the Americas, at about 11,000 years ago, likely a descendant of Asian dogs. Continued interbreeding with wolves, a characteristic found throughout the life history of dogs everywhere, has apparently resulted in the hybrid black wolf found in the Americas. Black fur coloration is a dog characteristic, not originally found in wolves. Dogs as Persons Some studies of dog burials dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Kitoi period in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia suggests that in some cases, dogs were awarded person-hood and treated equally to fellow humans. A dog burial at the Shamanaka site was a male, middle-aged dog which had suffered injuries to its spine, injuries from which it recovered. The burial, radiocarbon dated to ~6,200 years ago (cal BP), was interred in a formal cemetery, and in a similar manner to the humans within that cemetery. The dog may well have lived as a family member. A wolf burial at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery (~7,300 cal BP) was also an older adult male. The wolfs diet (from stable isotope analysis) was made up of deer, not grain, and although its teeth were worn, there is no direct evidence that this wolf was part of the community. Nevertheless, it too was buried in a formal cemetery. These burials are exceptions, but not that rare: there are others, but there is also is evidence that fisher-hunters in Baikal consumed dogs and wolves, as their burned and fragmented bones appear in refuse pits. Archaeologist Robert Losey and associates, who conducted this study, suggest that these are indications that Kitoi hunter-gatherers considered that at least these individual dogs were persons. Modern Breeds and Ancient Origins Evidence for the appearance of breed variation is found in several European Upper Paleolithic sites. Medium-sized dogs (with wither heights between 45–60 cm) have been identified in Natufian sites in the Near East dated to ~15,500-11,000 cal BP). Medium to large dogs (wither heights above 60 cm) have been identified in Germany (Kniegrotte), Russia (Eliseevichi I), and Ukraine (Mezin), ~17,000-13,000 cal BP). Small dogs (wither heights under 45 cm) have been identified in Germany (Oberkassel, Teufelsbrucke, and Oelknitz), Switzerland (Hauterive-Champreveyres), France (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, Pont dAmbon) and Spain (Erralia) between ~15,000-12,300 cal BP. See the investigations by archaeologist Maud Pionnier-Capitan and associates for more information. A recent study of pieces of DNA called SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) which have been identified as markers for modern dog breeds and published in 2012 (Larson et al) comes to some surprising conclusions: that despite the clear evidence for marked size differentiation in very early dogs (e.g., small, medium and large dogs found at Svaerdborg), this has nothing to do with current dog breeds. The oldest modern dog breeds are no more than 500 years old, and most date only from ~150 years ago. Theories of Modern Breed Origination Scholars now agree that most of the dog breeds we see today are recent developments. However, the astounding variation in dogs is a relic of their ancient and varied domestication processes. Breeds vary in size from the one pound (.5 kilogram) teacup poodles to giant mastiffs weighing over 200 lbs (90 kg). In addition, breeds have different limb, body, and skull proportions, and they also vary in abilities, with some breeds developed with special skills such as herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guiding. That may be because domestication occurred while humans were all hunter-gatherers at the time, leading extensively migrant lifeways. Dogs spread with them, and thus so for a while dog and human populations developed in geographic isolation for a time. Eventually, however, human population growth and trade networks meant people reconnected, and that, say scholars, led to the genetic admixture in the dog population. When dog breeds began to be actively developed about 500 years ago, they were created out of a fairly homogenous gene pool, from dogs with mixed genetic heritages which had been developed in widely disparate locations. Since the creation of kennel clubs, breeding has been selective: but even that was disrupted by World Wars I and II, when breeding populations all over the world were decimated or went extinct. Dog breeders have since reestablished such breeds using a handful of individuals or combining similar breeds. Sources Botiguà © LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, Seregà ©ly T, Zeeb-Lanz A, Arbogast R-M et al. 2017. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nature Communications 8:16082.Frantz LAF, Mullin VE, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lebrasseur O, Ollivier M, Perri A, Linderholm A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Dimopoulos EA et al. 2016. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggests a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science 352(6293):1228–1231.Freedman AH, Lohmueller KE, and Wayne RK. 2016. Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 47(1):73–96.Geiger M, Evin A, Snchez-Villagra MR, Gascho D, Mainini C, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Neomorphosis and heterochrony of skull shape in dog domestication. Scientific Reports 7(1):13443.Perri A. 2016. A wolf in dogs clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation. Journal of Archaeolog ical Science 68(Supplement C):1–4. Wang G-D, Zhai W, Yang H-C, Wang L, Zhong L, Liu Y-H, Fan R-X, Yin T-T, Zhu C-L, Poyarkov AD et al. 2015. Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell Research 26:21.

The Evolution of Financial Reporting in Kuwait Essay

The Evolution of Financial Reporting in Kuwait - Essay Example In general, the Kuwaiti government decided to take a macroeconomic approach to regulation, i.e., to take an active, interventionist position and dictate rules and regulations to the private sector. This paternalistic, protective approach is known as Kafala (Sponsorship of the State). Thus, laws were passed that outlined the responsibilities of companies to provide regular financial reports and to establish the enforcement agencies in the government. Explicit authority was given to the Registrar of Companies in Kuwait to regulate accounting. The Registrar has developed the detailed administrative guidelines indicating how companies should file their annual reports. In this way, the Registrar can control the quality of domestic accounting. In addition, the government began taking steps to monitor the economy and had to have accurate financial data. At the same time, the regulations should allow enough flexibility in the choice of financial accounting to not only provide a level playing field but also encourage entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. Businesses soon learned the value of accurate financial data. In this regard, the importance of private sector associations and regulatory bodies in the establishment of standards cannot be overestimated. Eventually, as the private sector grows and matures, more and more responsibility for accounting practices will fall to the private associations as long as they remain within the framework of reporting rules proscribed by the law, by administrative pronouncement, and by practices developed by International Accounting Standards (IAS). These accounting associations are crucial in maintaining proper standards and will become even more important in the future. Financial reporting has evolved along two separate but parallel lines: Accounting Securities and the Stock Exchange. 4.2: Laws Affecting Accounting: The first law concerning accounting defines the qualifications needed to practice the profession and was passed in 1962. At first, the authority was given to the Ministry of Finance and Economy, but a few years later, it was passed to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry which now issues the licenses. Many of the articles in this law outline requirements: registrants must be of good moral character,

Amazon Acquisition and Equity Investment Research Paper

Amazon Acquisition and Equity Investment - Research Paper Example 2- SET OF COMPANIES ACQUIRED BY AMAZON IN 2011 In 2011, set of companies were acquired with price of US $771 million by Amazon (Amazon, 2011). None of the companies are defined specifically but all are aimed at market development for Amazon for increasing customer base as well as sales channel increase in portfolio. Two of the companies included Marshall Cavendish US Children’s Books Titles and LoveFilm International Limited Etc (Amazon, 2013). The change in sales and net income from acquisition was as follows: Set Of Companies in 2011 2011 2010 Sales 48,077 34,204 Change In Sales 40.56% Â   Net income 631 1152 Change In NI -45.23% (Amazon, 2011) The above acquisition also impacted sales positively. But rise in sales is increasingly offset by the downside movement of net income. With acquisition of companies Amazon.com has burdened its net income with additional five percent than magnitude of sales rise. Hence, the acquisition cannot be referred as successful strategy. 3- AQC UISITION OF ZAPPOS.COM, INC. The acquisition was conducted on November 2009 with purchase price of US $.1,134 million (Amazon, 2009). The acquisition was aimed at market penetration and expanding Amazon’s presence in categories shoes and apparel. The impact of Zappos.com Inc on the sales and net income has been highly successful as reflected from the given below change in sales and in net income: ZAPPOS.COM, INC IN 2009 2009 2008 Sales 24,509 19,166 Change In Sales 27.88% Â   Net income 902 645 Change In NI 39.84% (Amazon, 2009) Hence, Zappos.com. Inc acquisition can be regarded as successful from results shown above as not only the sales have increased but the profits have increased as well. ANSWER # 2 The assessment of each of the acquisitions mentioned above with respect to its timing of investment is conducted as follows as discussed in annual reports of the company: FOR Kiva IN 2012 Investment Value $678 million SALES Actual Pro Forma Change 2

INVESTIGATING AUSTRALIAN RADIOGRAPHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON ADVANCED Research Paper

INVESTIGATING AUSTRALIAN RADIOGRAPHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON ADVANCED PRACTICE WITH EMPHASIS ON IMAGE INTERPRETATION AND INVOLVED TR - Research Paper Example With advanced radiographic practice, radiographers are allowed not only to acquire medical images but to perform skills formerly restricted to other specialists, such as image interpretation (Hardy and others 2008, e16) and clinical assessment. It was said that the main benefit of this system is to free physicians and other highly-trained specialists to concentrate on their essential function – that is, to diagnose and to treat (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009). United Kingdom leads the development in advanced radiographic practice (Cowling 2008), with the radiographer’s roles changing towards diagnosis and even radiation therapy over the last twenty years (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009). However, several countries still have not fully accepted advanced practice. In Australia, while there have been attempts to implement role expansion, advanced practice has not been officially established (Burrow and others 2006). This is despite the fact that the co untry has shortage of radiologists attributed to reduced working hours and small staff growth rate increase (Smith and Baird 2008). Several reasons were identified for this uncertainty in Australia including resistance from the medical workforce and radiographer education, thereby affecting radiographer’s perception towards advanced practice. Given the situation, it is necessary to explore the aspects of advanced practice in Australia since resistance to it may lead to reduced standards and recognition of the profession of the radiographers (Cowling 2008). United Kingdom vs. Australia: A Comparison The demand for radiologists due to the increasing population has been regarded as the major factor that drives the need for advanced radiographic practice worldwide. Between United Kingdom and Australia, the number of patients per radiologist is greater for the latter (Smith and Baird 2007, 629). However, when it comes to the number of examinations per year, reports show that Unite d Kingdom has more compared to Australia (Smith and Baird 2007, 629). While imbalance between supply and demand exists in these two countries, each adapted a different approach in carrying out advanced practice. According to Cowling (2008, e29), advanced radiographic practice worldwide can be classified at several levels. United Kingdom belongs to the first level which is characterized by the presence of driving forces such as government intervention, research, graduate programs and professional organizations that lead to implementation of advanced practice in the field (Cowling 2008, e29). On the other hand, Australia only belongs to the second level, in which despite the presence of the same driving forces, implementation has not been carried out to remarkable levels (Cowling 2008, e29). In United Kingdom, government policy has been directed towards enhancing the National Health Service; thus, contributing to the advancement of radiographers’ roles and practice (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009, 28). In fact, the government has increased funds for the National Health Service (Smith and Baird

Biology of Prostate Cancer

Biology of Prostate Cancer PDG The Biological basis of illness and therapeutics Cancer of the prostate Introduction Malignancies are currently responsible for more deaths in the UK than ischaemic heart disease (Cummings et al 1998). Half of these malignant deaths are from the â€Å"big four† – Lung, Bowel, Breast and Prostate (World Cancer Research Fund 1997). These cancers are almost unknown in developing countries but the incidence reverts to the UK norm within one or two generations of immigration, which argues strongly for the presence of environmental factors. If this is true then these malignancies should be theoretically preventable. Prostate cancer is the current most prevalent male cancer, accounting for about 30% of all new cases and also for about 14% of all malignant deaths (Montironi 2001). The incidence is increasing, this may, in part, be due to the increasing age of the male population. Increasing consumption of red meat and fats are associated with an increase in risk, and a diet of vegetables and salads (especially tomatoes) is associated with a lower risk. It appears that Vit E supplements significantly reduce the risk of developing the disease (Heinonen et al 1998) Pathophysiology of the disease The prostate is a walnut sized gland which is situated just below the male bladder. It is primarily responsible for producing the seminal fluid and it also produces some hormones. In malignancy, there are several different forms. The neuroendocrine form (small cell type) can occur but it is not as common as the focal neuroendocrine type. (Di SantAgnese 2000) Prostate cancer is thought to arise primarily from one or more (usually a series) of genetic mutations in the DNA. This can either be inherited or acquired. (Hague et al 1996) In the UK the majority of prostatic malignancies are thought to be mutations occurring at directly at the tumour site rather than being genetically inherited.(Bingham et al 1998) The genetic mechanisms can involve either the activation of an oncogene or the inhibition of a tumour supressor gene. The mechanism is not simple, and it is thought that about four to six stepwise mutations in the DNA are responsible for the genesis of prostate cancer. The actual mechanism of the acquired genetic mutation is thought to be when an oncogene is translocated and fused with the activity promoter of another gene, this mechanism is often found when specific tumour markers are detected in the blood (viz. PSA). A similar mechanism is implicated in the more aggressive forms of prostatic cancer where the oncogene combines (and thereby inhibits) a tumour supressor gene. Demonstration of abnormal amounts of proteins such as PSA are useful in detecting the presence of micro-metastases when the disease process is thought to be in remission. The original sequence of the DNA is thereby changed. The actual mechanism can be by translocation (as described above) or by insertions or inversions which are more usually due to errors of RNA translation. All of these mechanisms ultimately exert their effect by interfering with the proper regulatory controls of the protein manufacturing abilities of the cell One of the main pathological features of malignancy is the neovascularisation that almost universally occurs. It is thought to begin in Benign Prostatatic Hypertrophy (BPH), and progresses through the pre-malignant into the frank malignant state. (Bostwick et al 2000) This is thought to be a result of the increase in detectable levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The levels of VEGF are highest in the most malignant forms of the disease, and is amenable to external hormonal manipulation. The commonest sites of metastatic disease are in the bone and the liver. (Mazzucchelli et al 2000) There is considerable evidence to support the implication of oncogenes in the aetiology of this cancer. Oncogenes such as c-myc and c-erb-B of have been found, as have supressor genes such as p27(Kip1) and pp32R1/2. Oncogenes have also been implicated in the formation and regression of the metastatic form of the disease. (Lijovic et al 2000) There appears to be a genetic association with the cancer as 10% of sufferers have a family history of the disease (Selley et al 1997) Modern management of prostate cancer The management of prostate cancer is primarily dependent on the clinical staging. There are several different types of staging currently employed. The commonest is the Gleason staging (I-IV) with III being the clinically commonest presentation. Significant factors in the staging are: Neuroendocrine differentiation Angiogenesis Perineural invasion Proliferation markers Other factors also play a part including the PSA and other blood borne entities. The first two factors are arguably the most important. We have learned a great deal about the detection and treatment of prostate cancer in the recent past, but the mortality figures do not reflect the increase in our knowledge. The two overriding clinical factors are early detection (ideally in the pre-invasive state) and the identification of the other prognostic factors. Chemoprevention is a field that is gaining in momentum at the present, but it is still largely experimental. (Montironi et al 1999) The current mainstay of treatment at present is hormonal manipulation A recent paper by Armstrong (et al 2001) looks at the current role of cellular immunotherapy in the field of prostate cancer management. This is a field which also holds exciting practical prospects for tumour management. It involves giving the patient vaccines prepared from antigenically active tumour cells or activated lymphocytes. Specifically cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are used to identify and then destroy the tumour cells. They do this by being programmed to recognise a specific protein on the surface of the malignant prostate cell. Clinical trials have shown that this method of treatment is at its most effective when first line (hormonal) treatment has reduced the size of the tumour to a residual amount, which is at high risk of relapse. For reasons that are not yet fully understood, this method appears to suffer from a developing tolerance to the malignancy by the lymphocytes. This is currently the focus of intense research activity. ( Hwu et al.1999) A more recent development still is an offshoot of this type of treatment and that is the use of gene modified vaccines. This involves vaccines which contain genetically modified cells. The most effective found so far are those which work by making cells increase the production of cytokines in close proximity to the tumour cells. (Alvarez-Vallina et al 1996) This appears to increase the antigenic appeal of those cells and thereby render them more amenable to attack from the immune system. This avoids the difficulties with the side effects that were seen when cytokines were given systemically. (Gao et al 2000) Other mechanisms for gene therapy involve the ingenious use of viruses to transfer the altered DNA into the malignant cell. In prostate malignancies, their use has been disappointing because of problems with side effects, but the theory is also promising (Relph et al 2004) PSA and related proteins such as prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are commonly helpful in monitoring the progress or relapse of the disease (Montie 1997) PSA is being experimentally exploited by being coupled to enzymes such as thymidine kinease. This can be placed in the body by a retrovirus and therefore infects all cells but is only activated in prostate cells. They are refered to as the Trojan Horse Vectors and appear to very successful in early trials. Proponents of the technique refer to it as performing a genetic prostatectomy. More modern techniques still involves the detection of prostate cells in the bloodstream using a reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. This is thought to be a particularly sensitive assay for the prediction of surgical failure (Olsson et al 2003) The downside to these treatments involving genes, is that the mechanisms of protein synthesis and regulation are unimaginably complex. Attempts to cure one malignancy may unwittingly cause another by a process called Insertional mutagenesis, where the desired effect in one cell is hindered by an unwanted malignant change in another. (Armstrong 2001) Conclusions The advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of prostate cancer have been spectacular in the last decade. Interventional genetics now are on the brink of offering a real chance of survival to patients with resistant disease. Patients with widespread disease are usually desperate to try any form of novel treatment. Although the theory and understanding of many of the oncogenic processes are already well advanced, it is vital not to give a patient false hope of cure. (Bingham et al 1998) To this end the Dept. of Health has set up a new governing body in the shape of he Genetic Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC) to consider and oversee all new and proposed treatments. The major hurdles that remain in this field are how to effect the stable and specific transfer of genes into tumour cells, how to ensure the safety of both patients and staff and to define exactly where the best place is for gene therapy alongside the mainstream treatments today. (Montironi 2001) References Alvarez-Vallina L, Hawkins RE.2002 Antigen-specific targeting of CD28-mediated T cell co-stimulation using chimeric single-chain antibody variable fragment-CD28 receptors. Eur J Immunol; 2002 26: 2304-2309 Armstrong, David Eaton, and Joanne C Ewing 2001 Science, medicine, and the future: Cellular immunotherapy for cancer BMJ, Dec 2001; 323: 1289 1293. Bingham SA, Atkinson C, Liggins J, Bluck L, Coward A. 1998 Phytoestrogens: where are we now? Br J Nutr 1998; 79: 393-406 Bostwick DG, Grignon D, Hammond EH, Amin MB, Cohen M, Crawford D, et al. 1999 Predictive factors in prostate cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statements 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 996-1000. Cummings JH and Sheila A Bingham 1998 Fortnightly review: Diet and the prevention of cancer BMJ, Dec 1998; 317: 1636 1640. Di SantAgnese PA. 2000 Divergent neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma. Sem Diagn Pathol 2000; 17: 149-161 Gao L, Bellantuono I, Elsasser A, Marley SB, Gordon MY, Goldman JM, et al. 2000 Selective elimination of leukemic CD34(+) progenitor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for WT1. Blood 2000; 95: 2198-2203 Hague A, Butt AJ, Paraskeva C. 1996 The role of butyrate in human colonic epithelial cells: an energy source or inducer of differentiation and apoptosis? Proc Nutr Soc 1996; 55: 937-943 Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, et al. 1998 Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 440-446 Hwu P, Yang JC, Cowherd R, Treisman J, Shafer GE, Eshhar Z, et al. 1999 In vivo antitumor activity of T cells redirected with chimeric antibody/T cell receptor genes. Cancer Res 1999; 55: 3369-3373 Lijovic M, Fabiani ME, Bader J, Frauman AG. 2000 Prostate cancer: are new prognostic markers on the horizon? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Diseases 2000; 3: 62-65 Mazzucchelli R, Montironi R, Santinelli A, Lucarini G, Pugnaloni A, Biagini G. 2000 Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and capillary architecture in high-grade PIN and prostate cancer in untreated and androgen ablated patients. Prostate 2000; 45: 72-79 Montie JE, Meyers SE. 1997 Defining the ideal tumor marker for prostate cancer. 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Peer Pressure and Drinking Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

High school is normally the time when teenagers begin to dabble in the world of alcohol – to discover their limits and develop habits and this experimentation carries over into college. That is the norm and its not a bad thing, but of course there are a few exceptions. In high school I never went to a single party, was never invited to one, and barely ever even heard about them. It was something that none of my close friends were a part of and the thought of drinking never really crossed my mind. I was so busy with my school work, my job, and the cross country team that I didn’t have much spare time, and when I did I wanted to relax and hang out with my friends. My parents raised me in the faith of the Catholic Church and this background gave me a strong moral base. I always laugh and I have fun doing the simplest things so it was easy for me to find activities to be a part of besides drinking. It was only the summer after high school graduation that I began to fe el peer pressured to drink and the fact that I am always sober started to make me feel a bit isolated. When high school began, none of my close friends had ever drunk alcohol or had any interest in it, but as years went by, more and more of them began to try alcohol. Drinking is a personal choice and I had no problem with them experimenting, but by the end of my senior year some of my friends began to try and convince me to try it myself. Everyone knew that I am conservative when it comes to that sort of thing and people joked about me going crazy once I got to college and was no longer governed by my parent’s strict rules. Unbeknownst to them, this kind of talk repeated over and over, though I always denied it, began to make me feel curious. However I couldn... ...ound. So I always try to make everyone feel included, although I am still one of the more quiet people in the world. Lastly, my parents have taught me to work hard for the rewards that I gain. This has always been a major driving factor in my desire to do well with my schoolwork and in sports. I know that if I work hard enough I can do well and if I don’t get the results I want, it is no one’s fault except my own. With regards to drinking, I know that my parents would have been disappointed in me if I made the decision to start drinking in high school. When I take into account all the wonderful lessons they have taught me and all the love they have given me, it never made sense to make them unnecessarily upset. As clichà © as these things sound, I honestly know that these morals have helped guide me through my life and helped me make the best decisions I could.

A critical exploration of incorporated and unincorporated business structures and an examination of potential consequences to managers and directors for ignoring provisions of the equality act 2010.

Introduction An important first step in any business decision is deciding the type of structure of the company. There are several business structures which may include sole proprietorship, partnership, corporations and unincorporated business structures (Bhushan 2008). The first section of this analysis is going to focus explicitly on unincorporated business structures; highlighting some of the benefits of establishing an unincorporated entity such as simplicity, low cost and flexibility and the risks of running unincorporated businesses. The paper will also discuss the benefits as well as the drawbacks of incorporation. The second section will explore on the employment law, and the Equality Act 2010 in particular. It will examine some of the provisions of EA 2010 and discuss the potential consequences for managers and directors where provisions of the EA 2010 are ignored. Defining incorporated and unincorporated organizations Before exploring further, it is important to first define incorporated and unincorporated organizations. Incorporation is generally defined as the creation of an organization’s legal identity, separate from its members (Behrenfield et al. 1989). On the other hand, an unincorporated entity refers to a collection of individuals coming together for a specific purpose (Davis & Lawrence 1963). The main distinguishing feature is the lack of a separate legal personality for unincorporated forms. Even though unincorporated entities may operate under a common name, they do not have a legal structure (Gansler 2013). Thus, the law does not distinguish between the organization and its members. Unincorporated business entity may take on three main forms: a sole proprietor, partnership, or unincorporated association (Oleck & Stewart 2002). To an entrepreneur seeking to start a business, understanding the benefits and the drawbacks of setting up unincorporated business structure as well as the challenges of incorporation is very important. Familiarity with the benefits and challenges encountered with each approach will help guide investment decisions. This will help in developing a better understanding of the various challenges, risks, and the concerns and conflict that the entrepreneur might face with each approach. Benefits and the costs of incorporation versus the advantages and the risks of running unincorporated entities The choice of whether to operate an unincorporated business entity or to incorporate the business is not an easy one. Each approach to business has its own advantages and disadvantages. This requires some form of analysis whereby one weighs the benefits and the costs of incorporation against the advantages and the risks of running unincorporated entities. One particular point that is worth noting is that, unlike unincorporated forms, incorporation limits personal liability. This particular factor sets corporation apart from all other forms of businesses. Unlike an unincorporated entity, a corporation is an independent legal entity which is separate from the members controlling, owning or managing it (Williams et al., 2000; Davies & Lawrence, 1963 & Lazier 2009). In other words, incorporation will shield the owner’s personal assets from business debts and claims. This is not the case with an unincorporated business entity as the sole proprietor or partners are subjected to unlimited personal liability for the firm’s obligations (Williams et al., 2000; Davies & Lawrence, 1963 & Lazier 2009). That is, the owners or individuals carrying out the activities of the unincorporated entity will be personally liable for the acts and liabilities of the entity. For example, if for some reason, the firm becomes insolvent or runs into debts; then all of the firm’s assets as well as the personal estates of the business owners/partners will be applied in the satisfaction of the business debts. However, the business assets will first be applied and any indebtedness due or rather not covered by the business assets will be recovered from the owners/partners personal estates (Carter 2014). This means that the personal assets for each individual running the entity will exposed to the creditors once the business has exhausted its assets and insurance. Another point of divergence lies with the filing of tax. Owners of unincorporated business structures are required by law to pay income taxes on all net profits of the business regardless of the amount taken out by these owners (Lazier 2009 & Oleck & Stewart 2002). On the other hand, a corporation is taxed as a separate entity. It is subjected to special corporate tax rates, separate from an individual shareholders tax. However, if a portion of the corporation’s after-tax income is distribute to the shareholders in the form of dividends, then a separate tax will be charged dividend received by each shareholder (Laurence 2014). The separate level of taxation can be beneficial in some cases. The corporate owners are not required by law to pay personal income taxes on profits that they do not receive (Williams et al. 2000). And, given that corporations are subjected to a lower tax rate than most individuals for corporate income between $50,000 and $75,000, the owners of the corpo ration may benefit from a low combined tax bill compared to owners of unincorporated business earning the same profit (Laurence 2014). Perhaps another advantage of incorporating a business lies in its ability to attract investment capital. Unlike most of the unincorporated business forms, incorporation allows the business to sell ownership shares through the company’s stock offerings (Gansler 2013). This can be of great benefit especially where the need for attracting more investment capital arises. This advantage also makes it easy to hire and retain key employees by allowing employees to purchase company’s stock through employee stock options. This is particularly beneficial to the firm as it helps in aligning employees interests with those of the shareholders (Bickley 2012). However, business that have no intention of â€Å"going public† or issuing stock options may not find this added expense worthy. Yet another benefit that is worth mentioning is that the business will have an unlimited life in the event of death of the owners. Corporations may last for centuries even in the absence of the original owners (Davies & Lawrence 1963). The business will continue to act a separate legal entity which can freely transfer ownership interest from one person to another (Carter 2014). But for unincorporated entities, the business may come to an end in the event of death of the owner. It is clear that there are enormous benefits with incorporating a business compared to running an unincorporated business. However, there are several drawbacks to incorporating a business as well. One particular drawback relates to the high cost involved in incorporation. The corresponding filing fees charged for incorporation and the extra administration costs and the considerable organizational and overhead costs incurred by the corporation can be extremely high (Carter 2014). Besides the high cost involved, the process of incorporation is normally very lengthy due to the huge amount of paperwork which must comply with regulations. Unlike many other business forms, incorporated business forms have many formalities and regulations that they must comply with such as recording shareholder rights, establishing a board of directors, maintaining corporate minutes, corporate records and filings (Davies & Lawrence 1963). On the other hand, unincorporated business forms benefit from simplicity, low cost and the flexibility associated with their structures. It is easy and less costly to set up an incorporated business entity compared to a corporation. Continuing maintenance costs are minimal and there is a greater flexibility in terms of conversion of the entity to other forms as the business grows (Bhushan 2008). Also, the length of time and the amount of paperwork involved in setting up an incorporated entity is very minimal compared to incorporating a business. Another consequence of incorporating a business is that it is subject to greater regulation and supervision by government bodies. For example, financial corporations such as banks and trust banks, credit unions, investment and holding companies, insurance companies and many others are supervised by the Department of Financial Services (PWC 2008). Supervision include an examination of the licensing and registration requirements and chartering among many others. Regulations governing incorporations are also highly complex. Establishing a bank in the US requires one to conduct discussions with regulatory advisors, lawyers and federal and state supervisory officials due to the highly complex banking regulations (PWC 2008). On the other hand, unincorporated entities are not subjected to greater supervision and extensive regulations as corporations. And since they are not governed by any statute, unincorporated business entities have more flexibility with regard to how the entity should be structured. The owners can take all the actions of an individual. However, this lack of regulation could be a problem when a dispute arises since there is no formal statute for addressing it (Lazier 2009). The choice of whether to incorporate or run an unincorporated entity is clearly a complex decision which can only be made with consideration of a number of factors such as the projected business risks/liabilities, the need for attracting addition investment capital, need for regulations among many others. The choice of whether to set to incorporate the business or set up an incorporated business structure will most likely depend on the projected risk and liabilities of the business. For example, if the business is going to engage in high risk activities such as trading stocks, then it would be best to incorporate the business in order to provide for personal liability protection. However, where the risk is minimal, it is prudent to consider establishing an unincorporated business entity. Nonetheless, I will advise the couple setting up the retail business to incorporate as the risks of running an unincorporated business may outweigh the risks of incorporating it due to many unforeseen costs arising especially where lawsuits are involved. Plus there are the benefits of attracting additional investment through company stock offerings and issuing of stock options to employees which will also have the effect of aligning employees’ interests with those of the shareholders. While incorporating may be time consuming and costly due to the high filing fees, the extra administration costs and the considerable organizational and overhead costs incurred by the corporation; the benefits are greater in the long run compared to running an unincorporated business entity. Assessing potential consequences for managers and directors where the provisions of EA 2010 are ignored. An important part of running a business is understanding the various employment legislations which may have significant consequences on managers and directors of the company if ignored. One particular employment legislation of great interest in this analysis is the Equality Act 2010. The Act requires employers to take reasonable steps to protect their employees from discrimination and harassment in various areas including age, disability, religion, belief, race, sexual orientation, gender reassignment and pregnancy or maternity (GOE 2010). For example, part 5 of the Act which covers provisions relating to equal pay create an implied sex equality clause in employment contracts (GOE 2012). These provisions require employers to ensure equal pay for both the male and female gender where the contractual nature of the work is the same (EHC 2011). In general, the act places duty on employers to protect the rights of each employee by ensuring that they are not being discriminated against in the various areas highlighted above. It requires employers to make reasonable adjustments to working arrangements to prevent job applicants or employees from any form of discrimination (Jacobs and Jerald 2007). Ignoring the provisions of the EA 2010 will lead to severe repercussions. Managers and directors that choose to overlook some of these provisions will face severe court penalties. In addition, the legal costs incurred may be extremely high. The legal bill for the employer starts right at the moment when the employee expresses grievance and files a claim of harassment, discrimination or victimization (Muyi-Opaleye 2014). It should be remembered that the cost of hiring employment lawyers is very high and the legal bill can easily run into tens of thousands of dollars. In fact, estimates put the current defense costs of a single claimant lawsuit at $250,000 and a jury verdict of $200,000 (Heathflieid 2014). The settlement costs may fade in the face additional indirect costs that are often hard to quantify such as the losses resulting from damages to a firm’s reputation, the costs resulting from the loss of employee morale and distraction of organization’s staff as internal investigations are conducted (Heathfield 2014). There is also the loss resulting from the amount of time spent in defending against the claim. The managers/directors may incur indirect costs such as the loss of reputation which can also affect the firm’s reputation. Where such cases attracts publicity, the managers and directors may suffer from reputational damage irrespective of whether the claim was found to be valid or not. It should be remembered that reputation is a matter of perception and that the firm’s reputation is a function of reputation of key stakeholders including managers and directors of the company (Shah 2013). A strong positive reputation among the managers and directors of the company will result in a firm’s strong positive reputation and vice-versa (Burns 2012). If the managers and directors continue to allow for unfairness to go unchecked in the workplace, then this can cost them as well in terms of consumer demand. Consumers may react by choosing to do business elsewhere. This will have a significant adverse effect on the company’s bottom line as sales will significantly decrease thereby decreasing revenue and net returns. Companies cannot afford to lose a share of the market by allowing unfairness to go unchecked in the workplace (Burns 2012). The other indirect additional costs may have severe repercussions on the firm as well. Employee morale may decline to levels that their productivity are significantly affected (Burns 2012). Employees will feel that their grievances are not being addressed by the managers and directors of the company, thereby creating disengaged employees. Eventually, this will have a negative effect on the company’s bottom line. It is clear that the risk to the managers and directors for ignoring provisions of the EA 2010 are significant. From the very high costs of defending lawsuits to the hard-to-quantify indirect costs arising from reputational damage, loss of employee morale, and distraction of organization’s staff. It is imperative that the employer addresses employees concerns related to their employment contracts in order to avoid lawsuits and ensure a pro-active diversity workforce. If the employer fails to address employee concerns, proves evasive or provides unequivocal answers; it may lead to a tribunal drawing inferences which could be enough to establish a â€Å"prima facie† case of discrimination (Muyi-Opaleye 2014). Besides the lawsuits that may arise when a case of â€Å"prima facie† case of discrimination is established, the management may be ordered by the employment tribunal to undergo equality and diversity training. The Equality Act 2010 provides the employment trib unal with wider powers to order changes in workplace (GOE 2012). Conclusion There is no denying that the consequences of overlooking this employment legislation are enormous. The managers and directors may choose to ignore the provisions of EA 2010 at their own peril. The risk of ignoring these provisions is high from costly lawsuits to the hard-to-quantify indirect costs arising from reputational damage, loss of employee morale, and distraction of organization’s staff. The managers/directors of the company also run the risk suppressing overall job performance, forcing otherwise qualified and innovative individuals out of the labour force, and losing the lucrative consumer market to competitor firms. Reference Behrenfeld, W.H. and A.R. Biebl, 1989. Business Entities. New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. Bhushan, Y.K., 2008. Fundamentals of Business organization and management, New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons Inc. Bickley, J.M., 2012. Employee stock options: tax treatment and tax issues. Congressional Research Service. Available from http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31458.pdf [viewed on 4th December 2014] Burns, C., 2012. The costly business of discrimination: the economics costs of discrimination and the financial benefits of gay and transgender equality in the workplace. Center for American Progress. Carter, C., 2014. Advantages and disadvantages of incorporating a business. Chron. Available from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-incorporating-business-364.html [viewed on 5th December 2014] Davies, R.N. and K.H. Lawrence, 1963. Choosing a form of business organization. durham, north carolina: small business studies. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University School Of Law. Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), 2014. Equality Act 2010 Code of Practice: Employment Statutory Code of Practice. Available from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/EqualityAct/employercode.pdf [viewed on 5th December 2014] Gansler, D.F., 2013. Guide to legal aspects of doing business in Maryland, A joint publication of the office of the Attorney General and the Department of Business and Economic Development. Government Equalities Office (GEO), 2010. Equality Act 2010: public sector equality duty what do I need to knowA quick start guide for public sector organizations. Government Equalities Office (GEO), 2012. Equality Act 2010 – employer liability for harassment of employees by third parties: A consultation Heathfield, S.M., 2014. Prevent employment discrimination and lawsuits. Available from http://humanresources.about.com/od/discrimination/qt/prevent-employment-discrimination.htm [viewed on 5th December 2014] Jacobs and Jerald A., 2007. Association Law Handbook. ASAE & the Center for Association Leadership, 4th ed. Laurence, B., 2014. How corporations are taxed: learn the benefits and drawbacks of corporate taxation, Available from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/how-corporations-are-taxed-30157.html [viewed on 5th December 2014] Lazier, K., 2009. Benefits and disadvantages of incorporating an unincorporated association. Association of Corporate Counsel. Available from http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=49d3dabe-8f35-4e5e-b971-5c2c93c79b73 [viewed on 5th December 2014] Muyi-Opaleye, D., 2014. Archive for the ‘Equality Act 2010’ category: asking and responding to questions of discrimination. Employment Law Blog. Available from http://employmentlawblog.fieldfisher.com/2014/asking-and-responding-to-questions-of-discrimination [viewed on 5th December 2014] Oleck and Stewart, 2002. Nonprofit Corporations, Organizations & Associations , Prentice-Hall, Cum. Supp. Price Water-house Coopers (PWC), 2008. A regulatory guide for foreign banks in the United States 2007–2008 edition. Price Water-house Coopers Shah, A., 2013. The costs of discrimination. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Available from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/diversity/2012/03/the-costs-of-discrimination/ [viewed on 5th December 2014] Williams, C., Barton, D. and Coltrain, D., 2000. Selecting a business structure: an informational guide to forming businesses. Kansas State University, Department of Agricultural Economics.

Queering Heterosexuality Essay Example

Queering Heterosexuality Essay Example Queering Heterosexuality Essay Queering Heterosexuality Essay Women Gender and Sexuality Studies Course title: Queer Gender paper subject/title: ‘Queering’ Heterosexuality Heterosexuality is universally described as having a desire or sexual contact with someone of the opposite sex from ones own. This particular definition of heterosexuality for the most part, has remained relatively unquestioned. In turn, this has allowed heteronormative cultures and beliefs to assume heterosexuality as the norm. Marginalizing people who do not fit within heterosexual norms perpetuates the exclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual individuals, as well as, heterosexual individuals that participate in sexual practices that are not in alliance with commonly held notion of heterosexuality. The focus of this paper will be to use Nikki Sullivan’s writing, A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory in order to identify the ways in which Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film Working Girls, ‘queers’ heterosexuality. Analyzing heterosexuality through Sullivan’s writings and Borden’s film, allows for the universal understanding of heterosexuality to be challenged. Heterosexuality is consistent with dominant group membership and with beliefs, values, and institutions that support and are supported by that group. Therefore, the institution of heterosexuality constructs restrictions and allows for little element of real choice. Within heterosexuality, males are the only ones that are given the ability to choose. Males are in the dominant, profiting, and controlling position in heterosexual relationships, whereas females are understood to serve, pleasure, and assume females to abide by the decisions that males make for them. Following the lives of a group of female sex workers, Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film,  Working Girls  juxtaposes paid â€Å"straight† sexuality with lesbianism. Molly, the main character in the film, is the only female who is known to be a lesbian. However, even though Molly is  a lesbian and has sex with men, what she is doing is engaging in a performance of heterosexuality. This is just the same as her engaging in a performance of sexual service for money. Since money is being exchanged in response to sexual practices, this already ‘queers’ the notion of heterosexuality. The concept of sex as a commodity that is sold by women and consumed by men is something that bears further feminist analysis. In her film, Borden illustrates that there is nothing straight about sex work. Selling sex is believed to be quite outside the normative codes of heterosexual conduct, whereby sex is privileged as something you do for love or reproduction. So therefore, the exchange of money for a sexual service is a defining characteristic that is believed to be a queer act. This means that any sexual practices that are not done out of love or for reproduction are only done for pleasure, which is not in congruence with heterosexual practices. In the film Working Girls Borden illustrates that within the sex work industry, certain women come up with complex and provocative theories of femininity and sexuality when describing their jobs. Due to the jobs they have and the position they are placed in relevance to men, these women are given the ability to have real choice and choose their sexual partners. These women make their own personal choices to engage or not engage in certain sexual acts with their clients. An example of this is seen in the film when a client of Molly’s commands her to suck his penis and she responds back to him that she will not do anything she does not want to do. Molly’s response challenges the social and sexual power of men dominating women, therefore deconstructing the heterosexual knowledge that men are in control. In heterosexuality, the male is always the victor, however in Borden’s film the females are the ones in the position of the victor because they are the ones in control of the men. This can be seen in the film by having a woman, Lucy deal with all the money the women make. Lucy is in the dominant controlling position, which threatens the traditional understanding that the man is in charge of the house. Not to mention that, in the sex work industry females, sex workers and pimps, financially profiting from the sexual interactions they have with males, their clients. Christine Overall, a feminist theorist Sullivan refers to in her writings, aims to envision a more compatible relationship between heterosexuality and feminism. By making a conscious and informed choice to partake in heterosexual practices without agreeing to endorse the heterosexual institution, this could be identified as a form of feminist praxis (Sullivan, 126). The sex workers in the film, may not voice that they are feminists, however they still make conscious and informed choices to participate or not in sexual practices with their cliental. Overall outlines a number of reasons as to why the choice to participate in heterosexual practices need to be observed as a justifiable option for feminists. Furthermore, Sullivan relates Overall’s thesis to a statement made by Segal, All feminists could, and strategically should, participate in attempting to subvert the meaning of ‘heterosexuality’, rather than simply trying to abolish its practice†¦to acknowledge that there are many ‘heterosexualities’†¦We need to explore them, both to affirm those which are based on safety, trust, and affection†¦a nd which therefore empower women† (Sullivan, 127). Both Overall and Segal, challenge the notion that there is only one definition of heterosexuality, by introducing the belief that there are various different forms of heterosexuality among us. But rather than simply encouraging women to choose to participate in heterosexual practices on their own terms, Segal invites women to play an active role in subverting heterosexual norms by ‘queering’ traditional understanding of gender and sexuality. Throughout the film, sex workers interact in heterosexual practices that differ from commonly held notions of heterosexuality. At one point in the film, Molly must deal with a man that gets turned on by wearing women’s panties and getting smacked in the ass with a paddle. Sexual practices that are executed this way go outside of the box of what heterosexuality is widely described to be. Pleasures produced by practices such as fisting, anonymous sex, bondage, and so on, functions to ‘shatter identity and dissolve the subject’ (Sullivan, 156). This is because such practices work against the logic of heteronormative sex, a practice that ultimately serves as an act of reproduction. These types of practices are non-reproductive and open up a sort of polymorphous perversity, enabling us to rethink pleasure and sexuality. After analyzing Nikki Sullivan’s writing, A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory in order to identify the ways in which Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film Working Girls, ‘queers’ heterosexuality. Using Lizzie Borden’s film to analyze the sex work industry, has placed it at the crossroads of feminism and queer theory; thus, providing a unique vantage point to critique the regime of heterosexuality from various aspects. Various activists in a variety of social groups have fought to, and continue to challenge heteronormative behaviors and beliefs. Heterosexuality continues to be challenged daily in many different ways, some of which were previously discussed.